Cross-posted from Startled Disbelief.
[Dr. Rachelle Buchbinder] recently reported in The New England Journal of Medicine about an operation called vertebroplasty.
During this surgery, medical “cement” was injected into a fractured spinal bone to provide extra strength to it. The surgeons hoped this approach would relieve back pain because compression fractures of the spine occur frequently in the elderly.
Thirty-six other patients believed they were undergoing the same procedure. But in their case, to mimic the effect of the operation, surgeons just tapped against the spine, making them believe the needle containing medical cement was being inserted into the spinal bone. To make it more authentic, they made sure the odour of the cement was present in the operating room.
Dr. Buchbinder says those patients who had the sham surgery reported they experienced the same relief of pain as those who had the real operation.
Interesting. So the treatment group fared no better than the control group. It’s always nice to hear about the results of a negative study, because the file-drawer effect is a major problem in science publication.
Oh, wait—that’s not the end of the article.
But how can this happen? It’s believed the placebo effect depends on multiple factors, one being what’s called “patient expectant effect.”
In other words, if a patient is convinced an operation is going to relieve pain, the result will be better than that of a patient who doesn’t think it will work.
The question is whether dummy treatment is fraudulent and should be relegated to history. Or should doctors use placebo therapy under certain circumstances? One needs the wisdom of Solomon to answer this question.
But let’s end on a positive note. We also know that real surgical operations and medicines can kill you. To my knowledge, no one has ever lost his life from placebo treatment.
Oh, Gifford-Jones. It’s like he goes out of his way to annoy me. After all, why engage in good medical journalism, when there’s a readily available placebo?
Are placebos effective medical treatments?
No. At best, placebos are “effective” in roughly 30% of cases, and they are only “effective” on symptoms with a high psychological overlay (e.g., pain or nausea). Objective outcomes are not affected by placebo.
But here’s the kicker: it isn’t clear whether people are perceiving less pain or if they are simply reporting less pain.
When placebos do seem to affect objective outcomes, this effect occurs in the form of regression to the mean (when symptoms are at their worst, they tend to improve a little), the natural history of the disease (many diseases—colds, flus, etc.—get better on their own), or confirmation bias for good measure.
There is no evidence to suggest that the patient’s expectation of benefit has any sort of “mind over matter” effect. Don’t just take my word for it! For more information from an infectious disease specialist, see episode 5 of QuackCast.)
Placebos are used because they don’t work.
That’s the really important part. Placebos aren’t used because they work; they’re used because they’re necessary to maintain blinding procedures in clinical trials, which prevents bias in patient, practitioner, and analyst. If no one knows whether they’re receiving the treatment or not, no one can unintentionally (or intentionally) distort the results.
Even if placebos did work on some “mind over matter” principle, their use would probably require doctors to tell their patients that they are prescribing effective, science-based medical treatments. If doctors start lying to their patients, that could have a very real effect in eroding the trust between patient and practitioner. And that’s not good for anybody.
When Gifford-Jones asks if doctors should use placebo therapy under certain circumstances, he’s ignoring one of the central problems with the so-called “placebo effect”: we don’t know if placebos actually reduce the perception of pain, nausea, stiffness, etc., or if there’s simply a bias in the reporting.
Why report a benefit?
Even if you don’t experience any improvement with the treatment (or placebo), you may still report a slight benefit. Why? One potential explanation was highlighted quite nicely (albeit in a different context) in an excellent article on Feministe (NSFW language), which I’ll paraphrase here:
People don’t like saying “no”. If you don’t believe me, imagine for a moment the following scenario: you’re over at a friend’s house for dinner, picking delicately at your food, and your friend says, “I tried something different with the lasagne, this time ’round. Did you like it?” Let’s assume, for the sake of argument, that you’re not fond of his pineapple lasagne. Which of the following responses are you more likely to give? “Ah, yeah, it wasn’t too bad,” or, “No.”
I’ll give you a more pertinent, real-life example.
My father used to practice what amounts to a form of therapeutic touch, or “energy healing”. As a child, if I injured my wrist in a fall, for example, he’d clap his hands together, rub them briskly, and hold them on either side of the affected area. “Feel that?” he’d say, holding his hands about an inch above my skin. “Uh, I guess so,” I’d mumble. I didn’t feel anything, but I didn’t know how to respond. I didn’t know if there was something wrong with me, or if my father actually thought that his hands were magic; neither option was a good one. “Feeling better?” he’d prompt. “Yeah,” I’d say, just wanting it to be over. “Yeah, I think it is, a little.” It wasn’t, but I didn’t want to disappoint him.
The Bottom Line
My main problem with Gifford-Jones’ reporting on this issue is that he is taking trials with negative results, and spinning them as if they are positive results.
When a treatment is demonstrated to be no better than placebo, you don’t conclude that the placebo is also an effective treatment—you conclude that the treatment doesn’t work! Unless you’re studying acupuncture, anyway.
It’s also important to remember that any benefit from the placebo effect is also present in a real medical intervention. And as Mitch Hedberg might say, “That’s a double-whammy.”
And placebos kill people all the time; they kill people through inaction. If you’re undergoing a sham treatment, rather than an effective medical intervention, you could easily die. Don’t believe me? Just visit whatstheharm.net.
Hat tip to Grant Rogerson for the link.
The Winnipeg Skeptics 
Well stated, chap….I do have a slightly different perspective on the use of placebos, perhaps informed by my experience as a physician….
I am a gastroenterologist, and the majority of my clinical practice involves the care of patients with functional bowel diseases (irritable bowel syndrome being the prototypical disorder). Functional bowel diseases represent a condition where patients have chronic gastroitnestinal symptoms, such aspain, cramping, bloating, constipation, and diarrhea, but no structural or organic cause can be found to explain the symptoms. Furthermore, the diagnosis of functional bowel diseases is entirely symptom-based (i.e, subjective), as there are no specific objective diagnostic tests.
While many pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions have been studied for the treatment of patients with functional bowel disease, even the “best” interventions have been shown to have anything more than a marginal effect over those of placebo. Furthermore, the response rate for patients given placebo have ranged between 30-50%.
Of course, there is no way to know how much of this is simply a desire to please the examiner, how much is regression to the mean, and how much reduction in the subjective appreciation of pain or other symptoms. However, given the lack of effective therapies, clinicans like myself are always looking for ways to harness this placebo effect
The problem is, that conventional wisdom dictates that placebos only work if they patient is not certain that they are receiving inactive therapy. Yet ethically, I cannot prescribe sugar pills outside of the scope of a clinical trial and tell the patient that they are receiving active therapy. Some of my colleagues utilize the services of an acupuncturist or naturopath for this reason…..they think acupuncture and homeopathy is scientifically nonsensical, but its essentially harmless, and if a patient believes in it, there is a reasonable chance to get placebo-style benefits….
I am not advocating the use of placebos for diseases where effective therapies exist, and I recognize that placebo effects are generally transitory…..still, i think there is clearly a role for placebo therapies in the treatment of functional diseases….
Laura
Thanks for your comments, Laura. It’s certainly nice to get another physician’s perspective on this matter, especially when that perspective seems measured and reasonable.